Hmgbq Elisa Kit Aviva Systems Biology Okeh00424

Description: Description of target: Dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone, commonly abbreviated to DHT) is an androgen or male sex hormone. The enzyme 5alpha-reductase synthesises DHT in the prostate, testes, hair follicles, and adrenal glands. This enzyme reduces the 4,5 double-bond of the hormone testosterone. ;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.058 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Thyroxine, or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4), a form of thyroid hormones, is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination and covalent bonding of the phenyl portions of tyrosine residues found in an initial peptide, thyroglobulin, which is secreted into thyroid granules. These iodinated diphenyl compounds are cleaved from their peptide backbone upon being stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.0975 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: The L-triiodothyronine (T3, liothyronine) thyroid hormone is normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than L-tetraiodothyronine (T4, levothyroxine, L-thyroxine). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 35 pg/mL

Description: Description of target: Estriol (also oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. Estriol (E3) is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta from 16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16-OH DHEAS), an androgen steroid made in the fetal liver and adrenal glands. The human placenta produces pregnenolone and progesterone from circulating cholesterol. Pregnenolone is converted in the fetal adrenal gland into dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a C19 steroid, then subsequently sulfonated to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). DHEAS is converted to 16-OH DHEAS in the fetal liver. The placenta converts 16-OH DHEAS to estriol, and is the predominant site of estriol synthesis.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 1.34 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione and 17-ketoestosterone) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol. Androstenedione is the common precursor of male and female sex hormones. Some androstenedione is also secreted into the plasma, and may be converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone and estrogens. ;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.078 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. ;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 1.95 pg/mL

Description: Description of target: Progesterone also known as P4 (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries (by the corpus luteum), the adrenal glands (near the kidney), and, during pregnancy, in the placenta. Progesterone is also stored in adipose (fat) tissue.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.056 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Estradiol (E2 or 17β-estradiol, also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. Estradiol is abbreviated E2 as it has 2 hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. Estrone has 1 (E1) and estriol has 3 (E3). Estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect. The serum levels of estradiol in males (14 - 55 pg/mL) are roughly comparable to those of postmenopausal women (< 35 pg/mL). Estradiol in vivo is interconvertible with estrone; estradiol to estrone conversion being favored. Estradiol has not only a critical impact on reproductive and sexual functioning, but also affects other organs, including the bones.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: < 3.12 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. It also decreases bone formation. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland in the zona fasciculata, the second of three layers comprising the outer adrenal cortex. This release is controlled by the hypothalamus, a part of the brain. The secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus triggers anterior pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is carried by the blood to the adrenal cortex, where it triggers glucocorticoid secretion. ;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.31 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Calcitriol, also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is the hormonally active form of vitamin D with three hydroxyl groups (abbreviated 1,25-(OH)2D3 or simply 1,25(OH)2D). It increases the level of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood by (1) increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, (2) decreasing the transfer of calcium from blood to the urine by the kidney, and (3) increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone. Calcitriol is produced in the cells of the proximal tubule of the nephron in the kidneys by the action of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, a mitochondrial oxygenase and an enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). The activity of the enzyme is stimulated by PTH. The reaction is an important control point in Ca2+ homeostasis. The production of calcitriol is also increased by prolactin, a hormone which stimulates lactogenesis (the formation of breast milk), a process which requires large amounts of calcium. It is decreased by high levels of serum phosphate and by an increase in the production of the hormone FGF-23 by osteocyte cells in bone.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 3.6 pg/mL

Description: Description of target: It is an important mediator of bronchoconstriction. It causes platelets to aggregate and blood vessels to dilate. Thus, it is important to the process of hemostasis. At a concentration of 1E-12 mol/L, PAF causes life threatening inflammation of the airways to induce asthma like symptoms. Toxins such as fragments of destroyed bacteria induce the synthesis of PAF, which causes a drop in blood pressure and reduced volume of blood pumped by the heart, which leads to shock and possibly death. Platelet-activating factor, also known as a PAF, PAF-acether or AGEPC (acetyl-glyceryl-ether-phosphorylcholine) is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation and degranulation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis. It is also involved in changes to vascular permeability, the oxidative burst, chemotaxis of leukocytes, as well as augmentation of arachidonic acid metabolism in phagocytes. It is produced in response to specific stimuli by a variety of cell types, including neutrophils, basophils, injured tissue, monocytes/macrophages, platelets, and endothelial cells.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.09 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: In many species, including amphibians, reptiles, rodents and birds, corticosterone is a main glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel, immune reactions, and stress responses. However, in humans, corticosterone is produced primarily in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It has only weak glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid potencies in humans and is important mainly as an intermediate in the steroidogenic pathway from pregnenolone to aldosterone. Corticosterone is converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase, found only in the mitochondria of glomerulosa cells. Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex. Corticosterone (CORT) is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. ;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 1.9 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP acts as a second messenger much like cyclic AMP. Its most likely mechanism of action is activation of intracellular protein kinases in response to the binding of membrane-impermeable peptide hormones to the external cell surface. Guanylate cyclase (GC) catalyzes cGMP synthesis. This enzyme converts GTP to cGMP. In turn, peptide hormones such as the atrial natriuretic factor activate membrane-bound GC, while soluble GC is typically activated by nitric oxide to stimulate cGMP synthesis.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 5.8 pg/mL

Description: Description of target: Malondialdehyde reacts with deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine in DNA, forming DNA adducts, the primary one being M1G, which is mutagenic. The guanidine group of arginine residues condense with MDA to give 2-aminopyrimidines. Malondialdehyde is the organic compound with the formula CH2(CHO)2. The structure of this species is more complex than this formula suggests. This reactive species occurs naturally and is a marker for oxidative stress.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.088nmol/mL

Description: Description of target: Ciclosporin (INN/BAN), cyclosporine (USAN), cyclosporin (former BAN), or cyclosporin A is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection. It reduces the activity of the immune system by interfering with the activity of T cells. ;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 1.28 ng/mL

Description: Description of target: Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles for collagen stability. They permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix. Hydroxyproline is found in few proteins other than collagen. For this reason, hydroxyproline content has been used as an indicator to determine collagen and/or gelatin amount. Hydroxyproline is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline by the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase following protein synthesis (as a post-translational modification). The enzyme catalysed reaction takes place in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Although it is not directly incorporated into proteins, hydroxyproline comprises roughly 4% of all amino acids found in animal tissue, more than seven amino acids which are directly incorporated.;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 31.25nmol/L

Description: Description of target: 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) is an oxidized derivative of deoxyguanosine. 8-oxo-dG is one of the major products of DNA oxidation. Concentrations of 8-oxo-dG within a cell are a measurement of oxidative stress. ;Species reactivity: All;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Competitive ELISA;Sensitivity: 0.27 ng/mL